Column buckling is a phenomenon where a structural column fails due to an applied load exceeding its load-bearing capacity. It occurs when a column, typically made of steel or concrete, is too long and slender in relation to its cross-sectional area. When the column is subjected to compressive forces, it starts to deform, and the cross-sectional area of the column begins to bend out of shape. As the deformation continues, the column loses its stability and collapses. #civilengineering #civilengi

LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF STEEL BEAM © Copyright Pro-Level Civil Engineering. All Rights Reserved. If the loaded flange of a beam lacks adequate restraint against lateral movement in relation to the opposite flange, such as the absence of concrete floor fixation or insufficient measures to prevent rotation relative to the web (e.g., lacking web cleats or fin plates), the beam may undergo lateral torsional buckling. This phenomenon involves the beam twisting sideways under a load threshold lo