Scientists have long known that the secondary cell wall of hardwoods involves three major biopolymers—cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin—but detailed and quantitative understanding of how ...

These components are organized into three major layers: the primary cell wall, the middle lamella, and the secondary cell wall (not pictured). The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane and ...

In particular, organelles called chloroplasts allow plants to capture the energy of the Sun in energy-rich molecules; cell walls allow plants to have rigid structures as varied as wood trunks and ...