A groundbreaking reinterpretation of the middle years of the Ottoman Empire, from the conquest of Byzantium in 1453 to the establishment of the Tanzimat in 1839. This period saw the evolution of the ...

The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in southeastern Europe and the Middle East. It can only ...

After solidifying political and social reforms, Atatürk shifted his focus to modernising Turkey’s economy. Initially ...