A randomized prospective study investigated the effect of the area of UAC placement on complication ... administration through UACs and umbilical venous catheters (UVCs).

Such central venous catheters (CVCs) were allegedly supplied to at least five medical colleges and hospitals in the state, defying allocation of international standard-compliant CVCs, they said.

Shortly after birth he was fitted with both an umbilical artery catheter (UAC) and an umbilical venous catheter (UVC), the latter being used to provide fluids, nutrients and medication to Charlie.