The nasal and IV forms had a variability in absorption of 27%, compared to >40% for the oral form, suggesting that the nasal and IV forms are more stable routes of dosing, the authors noted.

Dr Hamde Nazar from the University of Sunderland in the UK, who led the research said: "Our data highlights the potential of the formulation as a once-a-day dosage form for the delivery of insulin ...

Use other forms for doses <10mcg or doses other than multiples of 10mcg. If switching from desmopressin acetate injection to nasal spray, use 10 times the amount of desmopressin acetate rounding ...