Only division of the fistula was required in the 3 children who had no esophageal atresia. Two of the remaining 4 died after initial surgery to correct a congenital perforation of the colon ...

The figure shows both tracheoesophageal fistula (A-E) and tracheal abnormalities ( F-J). Note that A-E do not correspond with the classification of the type of tracheoesophageal fistula.

thyroiditis by bacterial infection through a pyriform sinus fistula; infection of a thyroid nodule or cancer; infection through perforation of the esophagus due to ingestion of a foreign body or ...

use of methods other than RF energy that may have a lesser tendency to produce esophageal injury leading to fistula formation when targeting tissue near the esophagus. Each will be considered in turn.