Chemical reactions make new chemicals. Atoms are rearranged during a chemical reaction, but the number of atoms does not change. Evidence of chemical reactions includes a large temperature change ...

This method has now been used to reveal the ultrafast dynamics of electrons and nuclear interactions during a chemical reaction.

The chemical reaction creates a gel underneath the surface, which expands when it gets wet in summer thunderstorms or winter snows. The mushrooming gel squeezes the pavement from inside and causes ...