In this example, it activates an enzymatic cascade of MAP kinases ... transcription. Signal binding to membrane receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) activates an enzyme called a kinase.

The MAP kinase family includes the extracellular-signal related kinases (ERKs), which signal through a pathway involving sequential activation of Ras, Raf and mitogen-activated protein kinase ...

These pathways include nuclear factor- B, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, NH 2-terminal Jun kinases/stress-activated protein kinases, hexosamines, and others. In addition, there is evidence ...