Modulation effects are one of our pedalboard’s essentials. But where do they come from and what do they do? We explore the history of modulation, from amps and studio hardware to compact stompboxes ...

We’ll start off with one oscillator (yawn!) and then turn it into something much more interesting really quickly. Making this circuit playable takes a little more experimentation, but that’s ...

In this case, it’s another, even simpler audio oscillator, this time with just a loudspeaker and a battery. Attentive readers will recall the previous title holder was indeed pretty simple ...