Causal inferences from observational studies rely on assumptions, some of which we cannot test using the data. Therefore it is important to learn the rules of Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) as a way ...

A major goal of epidemiology is to reduce the burden of disease in populations through interventions that target causal determinants of disease risk. Although observational studies, such as ...

Urologic cancers, including prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancers, represent a significant burden on global ...